Whether using workcell-based or line-based manufacturing, manufacturers are deploying autonomous tugger trains of carts to transport kits or totes from warehouses or tote supermarkets to lines or workcells.

While autonomous tuggers alleviate the need for a manufacturer to staff tugger drivers and also upskill tugger drivers to handle more complex tasks, there is still labor required to transfer totes from workcells or lines to tugger carts.